Captain America Bicentennial
Eli Whitney, Jr
Early life
Whitney was born in Westborough, Massachusetts on December 8, 1765, the eldest son of Mr. Eli Whitney, a prosperous farmer. His mother, Elizabeth Fay of Westborough, died when he was eleven. [Citation needed] At fourteen he operated a manufacturing operation profitable nail in the workshop of his father during the Revolutionary War. Because his stepmother opposed his desire to attend college, Whitney worked as a farmer and teacher to save money. He prepared for Yale at Leicester Academy (now Becker College) and under the tutelage of Rev.Elizur Goodrich of Durham, Connecticut entered the class of 1789, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1792. Whitney expected to study law but, finding themselves short of funds, accepted an offer to go to South Carolina as a private tutor. Instead of reaching his destination, he was convinced to visit Georgia. In the final years of the eighteenth century, Georgia was a magnet to New England seeking their fortunes (its Revolutionary era governor had been Lyman Hall, a migrant from Connecticut). When he originally departed from South Carolina, among his companions were the widow and family of the revolutionary hero, the General Nathanael Greene of Rhode Island. Mrs. Greene invited Whitney to visit her Georgia plantation, Mulberry Grove. His farm manager and husband-to-be was Phineas Miller, Connecticut and other migrants graduate of Yale (Class of 1785), which became a business partner of Whitney.
Whitney is most famous for two innovations which later divided the United States in mid-19th century: the cotton gin (1793), and in defense of their interchangeable parts. In the South, the cotton gin Cotton has revolutionized the way cotton was harvested and reinvigorated slavery. While in the North, the adoption of interchangeable parts revolutionized the industry processing time and greatly contributed to his victory in the Civil War.
Career inventions
interchangeable parts
Main article: interchangeable parts
Though Whitney is popularly credited with the invention of a musket that could be manufactured with interchangeable parts, the idea predates it. The idea is credited to Jean Baptiste Vaquette Gribeauval of a French gunner, and credits for finally improving the arsenal " system, "or American system of production is given by the historian Merritt Roe Smith to Captain John H. Hall and written by historian Diana Muir in Reflections Lagoa Bullough Simeon North. In the American system of mass production, the historian David A. Hounshell described how the idea Gribeauval propagated from France to the colonies via two routes: from Honor Blanc through his friend Thomas Jefferson, and via Major Louis de Tousard, another French striker who was instrumental in the establishment of West Point, teaching the young officers of the Continental Army, and establishing the arsenals of Springfield and Harpers Ferry.
At the end of 1790, Whitney was on the verge of bankruptcy and cotton gin litigation had left deeply in debt. Its New Haven factory, cotton gin, had burned to the ground, and litigation sapped his remaining resources. The French Revolution had ignited new conflicts between the Britain, France and the United States. The new American government, realizing the need to prepare for war, began to rearm. The War Department issued contracts for the manufacture of 10,000 muskets. Whitney, who never had a gun in his life, won a contract in January 1798 to deliver ten to fifteen thousand muskets in 1800. He had not mentioned interchangeable parts at that time. Ten months later, Secretary Treasury Wolcott sent him a pamphlet on foreign weapons-making techniques, "possibly one of the reports of Honour Blanc, after Whitney started talking about replacements. After spending most of 1799-1801 in litigation cotton gin, Whitney began promoting the idea of interchangeable parts, and even arranged a public demonstration of the concept in order to gain time. He does not deliver on the contract until 1809 but then spent the rest of his life to spreading the idea of interchangeability.
Whitney defenders claimed that he invented the American system of production – the combination of power machinery, parts interchangeable and division of labor that underlie the nation's subsequent industrial revolution. Although there is convincing evidence that he to achieve interchangeability, the use of power machinery and specialized division of labor are well documented. When the government complained that the price per Whitney musket compared unfavorably with those produced in government armories, Whitney was able to calculate an actual price per musket, including fixed costs such as insurance and machinery, which the government had not included. He did so early contributions to both the concept of cost accounting, and the concept of private-sector efficiency.
cotton gin
Main article: cotton gin
Cotton Gin Patent. It shows sawtooth gin blades, which were not part of the original patent Whitney.
A cotton gin on display at the Eli Whitney Museum
The cotton gin is a mechanical device that removes cotton seed a process that by the time of its invention, was extremely laborious. The word gin is really short for the engine. The cotton gin was a cylinder Wood stuck with hooks, which pulled the cotton fibers through a loop. The cotton seeds would not fall through the net and fell off. Whitney occasionally told a story where he was considering an improved method of sowing cotton, and he was inspired by watching a cat trying to pull a chicken through a fence, and only could pull through some of the feathers.
A single cotton gin could generate up to 55 pounds of cleaned cotton daily. This contributed to economic development of the southern states of the United States, the main cotton growing area, some historians believe that this invention allowed the system of African slavery in southern United States to become more sustainable at a critical point in its development.
Whitney received a patent (later numbered as x72) for your gin cotton on March 14, 1794, however, was not validated until 1807. Whitney and his partner Miller did not intend to sell the gins. Rather, as owners of sawmills and ammunition, they expected to charge farmers for cleaning their cotton – two fifths of the profits, paid in cotton. Resentment with this scheme, a simple mechanical device, and the primitive state of patent law violations made inevitable. As Whitney and Miller were unable to produce gins sufficient to meet demand, imitation gins began to spread. Ultimately, lawsuits of patent infringement consumed profits of your company and cotton gin went out of business in 1797. A point often overlooked is that Eli Whitney had initially drawbacks with its first project. There significant evidence that the design flaws were solved by a woman named Katherine Green, Whitney did not give credit or public recognition.
While the cotton gin did not earn Whitney the fortune he expected, he gave him fame and turn the cotton gin in southern agriculture and the national economy. Southern cotton found ready markets in Europe and the flourishing textile mills in New England. Cotton agriculture revived the profitability of slavery and political power of the supporters of the institution of the South "peculiar." Until the 1820s, the dominant issues in American politics were driven by "King Cotton": maintaining the political balance between slave and free states and tariff protection for industry U.S.. Exports of cotton South grew after the appearance of cotton gin (from £ 180,000 of the total cotton production 1793-93000000 tonnes in 1810) [citation needed], while manufacturing companies in New England struggled to compete against imported goods and called for protection rates. The cotton interests led the country into war with Mexico, expecting a major expansion of cotton farming. Cotton was a staple that can be stored for long periods and shipped long distances, unlike most agricultural food production.
Paradoxically, the gin cotton, a labor-saving device, helped preserve the weakening arguments in favor of slavery, from cheap (slave) labor was needed to pick cotton. Later, the invention of 20th century cotton picker reduced demands for labor-intensive cultivation of cotton, and brought unemployment to many Southern poor.
Milling machine
Main article: Milling
Machine tool historian Joseph W. Roe credited with inventing Eli Whitney in the grinding machine first. Subsequent work of other historians (Woodbury, Smith, Muir) suggests that Whitney was among a group of contemporaries of all the milling machines in development about the same time (1814-1818). Therefore, no person can be described as the inventor of the milling machine.
Later, the life and legacy
South side of Eli Whitney monument Grove Street Cemetery in Haven, New, Connecticut
north side of the monument
Despite his humble origins, Whitney was keenly aware of social and political value connections. In building his arms business, he used the access that his status as a student at Yale, gave it to other graduates as well placed as Secretary War Oliver Wolcott (Class of 1778) and New Haven developer and political leader James Hillhouse. His 1817 marriage to Henrietta Edwards, granddaughter of the famous evangelist Jonathan Edwards daughter of Pierpont Edwards, head of the Democratic Party in Connecticut, and cousin of the university's president, Timothy Dwight, Federalist leader of the state, still tied to the ruling elite Connecticut. In a business dependent on government contracts, such connections were essential to success.
Whitney died at age 59 of prostate cancer on January 8, 1825 in New Haven, CT, leaving a widow and four children. During the course of his illness, he invented and built various devices to ease your pain mechanically. These devices, designs of which are collected in their roles, have been effective, but were never manufactured for use by others due to the unwillingness of his heirs "to the trade "impolite" items.
At his death, his arsenal was left to his talent nephews, Eli Whitney and Philos Blake Blake, inventors and manufacturers remarkable in their own right (who invented the mortise lock and the machine grinding stone).
Eli Whitney Blake (1820-1894) took control of the arsenal in 1841. Working under contract with the inventor Samuel Colt, the young Whitney manufactured the famous "Whitneyville Walker Colts" for the Texas Rangers. The success of this contract, Foal saved from financial ruin and enabled him to establish his own famous arms company. Whitney Dalliba marriage of Sarah, daughter of U.S. army chief of ordinance, helped to ensure the continued success of your business.
The young Whitney organized the New Haven Water Company, which began operations in 1862. This company is addressed need for city water, but also allowed Whitney to increase the amount of energy available for their production operations to the detriment of water company's shareholders. A new dam has allowed to consolidate its operationsriginally located in three sites along the Mill Rivern a single plant. This dam still exists.
Whitney grandson, Eli Whitney IV (1847-1924), sold the Whitney Armory to Winchester Repeating Arms, another notable company in New Haven weapon in 1888. He served as chairman of the water company until his death and was a New Haven business and civic leader. He played an important role in developing the neighborhood of New Haven Ronan-Edgehill.
After the closure of the arsenal, the site of the factory continued to be used for a variety of industrial purposes, including the water company. Many of the buildings original arsenal remained intact until the 1960s. In the 1970s, as part of the Bicentennial celebration, interested citizens organized the Eli Whitney Museum, which opened in 1984. The site now includes a pension and which formed the original Eli Whitney Barn workers and building a stone storage arsenal original. Museum exhibits and programs are housed in a factory building constructed c. 1910. An office building of the water company built in the decade 1880 now houses educational programs operated by the South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority (which succeeded the New Haven Water Company).
Eli Whitney and his descendants are buried in New Haven's historic Grove Street Cemetery. Eli Whitney Students Program Yale College, which is one of the four doors into Yale College, was named Whitney in recognition of its venerable age at the time of entering Yale College in 1789, he was twenty-three years old. Eli Whitney's great-grandfather of Eli Whitney Debevoise II, the current U.S. Executive Director of World Bank Group.
Mr Whitney was inducted into Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1975.
References
^ ab "Elms and Magnolias: The 18th Century. "Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. 08/16/1996. http://www.library.yale.edu/mssa/elms/18th.htm. Retrieved 3/19/2008 .
Abc ^ MIT Inventor of the Week profile file. From a site funded and administered by the Lemelson-MIT Program. Accessed March 18, 2008.
^ Who belongs to Phi Beta Kappa, hi Beta Kappa website, accessed on October 4, 2009
^ New Georgia Encyclopedia: Eli Whitney, Georgia Accessed March 19, 2008.
^ Hounshell, David A. (1984), the American system of mass production, 1800-1932: The development of production technologies in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, LCCN 83-016269, ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8.
^ Woodbury, Robert S. (1960). "The Legend of Eli Whitney and interchangeable parts." Technology and Culture 1.
^ Eli Whitney Project A site for Project Eli Whitney
^ Eli Whitney Museum and Workshop A website for the Eli Whitney Museum in Hamden, CT.
^ "The Chronicle of Eminent People buried in Grove Street Cemetery. "Friends of the Grove Street Cemetery. Http://www.grovestreetcemetery.org/Grove_Street_Cemetery_Chronicle_of_Eminent_People.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
Further Reading
Battison, Edwin. (1960). "Eli Whitney and the milling machine. Smithsonian Journal of History I.
Cooper, Carolyn, & Lindsay, Merrill K. (1980). Eli Whitney and the Whitney Armory.
Whitneyville, CT: Eli Whitney Museum.
Dexter, Franklin B. (1911). "Eli Whitney". Biographies Yale and Anais, 1792-1805. New York, NY: Henry Holt & Company.
Hall, Karyl Lee Kibler, & Cooper, Carolyn. (1984). Windows on the Works: Industry on the Eli website Whitney, 1798-1979.
Hamden, CT: Eli Whitney Museum
Hounshell, David A. (1984), the American system of mass production, 1800-1932: The development of technology manufacturing in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, LCCN 83-016269, ISBN 978-0-8018-2975-8.
Lakwete, Angela. (2004). Inventing the cotton gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Smith, Merritt Roe. 1973. "John H. Hall, Simeon North and milling: the nature of innovation among the manufacturers of weapons Antebellum. Technology and Culture 14.
Woodbury, Robert S. (1960). "The Legend of Eli Whitney and interchangeable parts. "Technology and Culture 1.
Iles, George (1912), Leading American inventors, New York: Henry Holt and Company, pp. 75-103, http://www.archive.org/details/leadingamericani00ilesrich
References
The Eli Whitney Museum
Eli Whitney Biography of Whitney Research Group
Inventor of the Week: Eli Whitney (MIT)
Entry in New Georgia Encyclopedia
"Whitney, Eli." Encyclopdia Britannica (11th edition) .. 1911.
Persondata
NAME
Whitney, Eli
Alternative names
SHORT DESCRIPTION
American inventor
DATE OF BIRTH
December 8 1765 (12/08/1765)
PLACE OF BIRTH
Westborough, Massachusetts, United States
DATE OF DEATH
January 8, 1825
PLACE OF DEATH
New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Categories: 1765 births | 1825 deaths | American business theorists | American engineers | American inventors | Burials in Grove Street Cemetery deaths | Cancer in Connecticut | Deaths from prostate cancer | English Americans | firearms designers | History of industry Textile | manufacturers of machine tools | National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees | People from Connecticut People | Worcester County, | Massachusetts People's Revolution Industrial | Westborough, Massachusetts | Whitney family | Yale University alumniHidden categories: Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism | Wikipedia protected pages without expiry | All articles lacking sources | Articles lacking sources from January 2009 | Articles lacking sources from February 2008 About the Author
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